In this module we focus on the hardware aspects. In our 7-layered model these form the two centre layers, one about spatial planning and design and one about actual physical interventions – in the broad sense, this may vary from small or temporary gardens or artworks to large building projects. Successful development or transformation of existing urban areas fundamentally acknowledges the dynamics and dependencies in the area and the stakeholders. Although there is much focus on process and engagement here, there is still a very important role for spatial planning and design – albeit in different forms and emphases throughout the process.